Timur Ruby

The famous Timur Ruby is in fact not a ruby; rather it is a spinel. It weighs over 352 carats and until 1851 was widely regarded as the largest known ruby in the world. Presented to Queen Victoria by the East India Company in October 1851, and remaining amongst the collection of the British Royal family ever since, it has a long and colorful history.

Timur was a Tartar conqueror who is believed to have acquired the ruby when he sacked Delhi in 1398. He stayed in India for little over a year, before returning to Samarkand with the ruby among his spoils of war. The ruby was inherited by his son, Mir Shah Rukh, and later his grandson, Mirza Ulugli Beg.

During his rule there were many wars with the Persians and after one these, the ruby fell into the hands of Shah Abbas I of Persia, who in 1612 gave the ruby as a gift to his close friend, Jahangir, the Mughal Emperor of India. Jahangir had his name engraved on the ruby, as well as that of his father, Akbar. Legend has it that when his favorite wife rebuked him for defacing such a magnificent gem, he replied: "This jewel will more certainly hand down my name to posterity than any written history. The House of Timur may fall, but as long as there is a King, this jewel will be his."

Successive owners of the jewel continued to inscribe their names until Mahomed Farukh Siyar. The successor of this last of the Delhi emperors to inscribe his name upon the gem was Nadir Shah, who sacked Delhi in 1739 and carried off the Timur Ruby among many other famous jewels to Isfahan.

He engraved the stone as follows:

Timur Ruby Necklace

This (is) the ruby from among the 25,000 genuine jewels of the King of Kings, the Sultan Sahib Qiran [Timur], which in the year 1153 [1740 AD] from the (collection of) jewels of Hindustan reached this place [Isfahan].

The last inscription on the Timur Ruby was made by Ahmad Shah, who was the commander of Nadir Shah's army at the time of his assassination in 1747. He attempted to seize the throne, but managed only to grab a large amount of booty, which he took with him to help found the kingdom of Afghanistan.

However, the stone once again returned to India when the ruby eventually passed to his grandson Shah Suja. Expelled from his homeland, he took refuge in the Punjab, where Ranjit Singh, Lion of the Punjab, forced him to surrender the jewel.

And, like so many of the famous gems of the Orient, the Timur Ruby traveled to England amongst a collection of Indian jewelry taken from the Lahore Treasury in 1849 when Britain annexed the Punjab to its Empire.

Queen Victoria was well pleased by her gift - she particularly admired what she termed the wonderful rubies, and on 23 October 1851 wrote in her journal: They are cabochons, uncut, unset, but pierced. The one is the largest in the world, therefore even more remarkable than the Koh-i-noor!

In April 1853 Garrards set four of these so-called 'rubies' in a new diamond-encrusted gold and enamel necklace 'of Oriental design,' with four diamond pendants also from Lahore. At the center of the necklace came the huge rose-pink stone of 352 carats that Queen Victoria had especially noted. Two months later, Garrards adjusted the necklace to allow this stone to be detached for use as a brooch and to alternate with the recently recut
Koh-i-noor diamond.